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Language Actualidad jurídica iberoamericana. 2023. Número 19 Extra
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- Toward greater gender-sensitivity in migration law: positive developments regarding female refugees and displaced persons(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2023) Giegerich, ThomasThis paper concentrates on women in involuntary migration flows, in other words female refugees that constitute roughly 50% of the refugees worldwide. Gender-wise, we have come a long way, but have not yet reached the goal of fully gender-sensitive refugee law both on the books and on the ground. Being an optimist, I suggest that we have proceeded well beyond the point of no return. In other words, the glass of gender-sensitive refugee law and practice is more than half full, but we need to fill it up further.
- Migration flows and the protection of women’s rights(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2023) Mussi, FrancescaIn the last decades, migrant women?s organizations and civil society actors have mobilized to call for greater gender-responsiveness in international migration governance. Such voices have drawn attention to the growing ?feminization of migration? ? a term coined as a consequence of the massive numbers of women migrating as independent economic actors from the 1970s to the 1990s ?, the contributions of migrant women to development, and the myriad ways in which gender influences migration routes and experiences, often with disproportionately deleterious outcomes for women (for example, heightened risks of exploitation, gender-based violence, harmful practices such as child, early and forced marriage). These efforts have produced positive outcomes also at the international level. Indeed, the role of gender in migration has increasingly become part of the interest of various international organizations ? both at the universal and regional levels ?, which have highlighted the importance of mainstreaming a gender perspective into all policies and programs and promoting full participation and empowerment of women. In addition, scholars have deeply investigated to what extent the broad variety and number of rules governing the movement of persons across borders is well-placed to respond to the gendered disadvantages faced by migrant women. The present contribution aims at assessing the significance of gender in three specific areas of law relating to international migration, namely refugee law, migrant smuggling and migrant workers. The choice of the said areas is justified by the fact that, in the absence of a universally accepted definition of an international migrant, only some groups of non-nationals ? refugees, smuggled migrants and migrant workers ? fall under the protection of specific international legal frameworks. In addition, on a general level, international migration is a phenomenon governed by a vast network of general conventions that remain plainly relevant. Their continuing applicability underpins, enriches, and shapes the more specific conventional regimes. From this systemic angle, general treaties adopted in the broader field of international human rights provide a common legal framework that is applicable to all migrants regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other legal status. In light of the above, this contribution will first provide a brief overview of the gendered drivers of female migration. Then, moving to the international legal dimension of the phenomenon, the analysis will focus on the relevance of gender in the regimes relating to refugee law, migrant smuggling and migrant workers. Finally, among the relevant treaties pertaining to international human rights law, particular attention will be devoted to the legal regime charged with eradicating discrimination against women, namely the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
- Gendering Family Law(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2023) Carapezza Figlia, GabrieleThe paper deals with the evolution of the concept of family from a traditionally grounded model, male-dominated (by husband or father), to a gender-equality-based model. The European framework of values adopts a pluralistic vision of the family as a community based on affection, which is afforded legal protection as a place where the individuals can exercise their fundamental rights in an equal position
- Women legal status and Private International Law(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2023) Campiglio, CristinaThe paper addresses the issues of child marriage and of medical assisted motherhood in a conflictof-laws perspective, identifying the legal mechanisms through which legal systems counter the phenomenon of early marriages celebrated abroad and address the latest challenges related to the so-called reproductive tourism. After analyzing the role played by public policy exceptions and by the principle of the best interest of the child, we will summarize the Court of justice?s case-law on the recognition of family situations across borders. In fact, the recognition of the possession of an EU status is gaining ground. It is a personal identity merely functional to the exercise of EU citizens? freedom of movement (Art. 3 para 2 Treaty EU, Art. 21 Treaty FEU and Art. 45 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights). The result is the possession, by EU citizens, of a split personal identity - one functional to circulation, while the other one to its full extent - whose compatibility with the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights principles and with the ECHR may be called into question.
- The surname of the child after the decision of the Italian Constitutional Court(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2023) Al Mureden, EnricoIn a context in which the plurality of family models is fully recognized and the possibility of creating families that overlap over time, the surname attribution rule should allow to define in the most precise, detailed and lasting way possible the identity of the family and the personal identity of each of its components by clearly and completely identifying the relationships of belonging to the parental lineages. In this perspective, the declaration of constitutional illegitimacy of the rules that impose the automatic attribution of the paternal surname and the identification of the rule of the attribution of the double surname which can only be derogated from by the parents? agreement on the one hand, completes the path aimed at achieving a full equality between father and mother, but, on the other hand, it opens up complex issues. In particular, the need to ensure effective protection of the child?s personal identity suggests the opportunity to give the double surname rule a mandatory character, excluding the possibility of derogating from it on the basis of a mere parental agreement. The attribution of a single surname, in fact, would give rise to an only partial perception of the identity of the child, generating a vision of his belonging to the parental lineages which, especially in the perspective of stepfamilies, would generate inappropriate distortions in the perception of identity of the individuals and of the family as a whole.
- Civil remedies for victims of domestic violence: the innovations introduced by the Legislative decree No. 149/2022(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2023) Romeo, FilippoBeing aware of the exponential growth of the phenomenon of domestic and gender-based violence, this essay analyzes the innovations introduced - such as the implementation of law n. 206/2021 - by Legislative Decree n. 149/2022. The legislator, in particular, has provided the judge of family disputes with broader and more effective powers to intervene promptly to protect the victims, and to avoid secondary victimization phenomena as well.
- Gender-based stereotypes and the judiciary. Italy before the ECHR(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2023) Crea, CamillaComo ha puesto de manifiesto recientemente el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (TEDH, JL contra Italia, 2020), el ?residuo tolerado? de abusos y violencia sexuales por parte de varones dista mucho de limitarse a las estructuras sociales italianas; también tiene un impacto significativo en las instituciones jurídicas y, en particular, en los procesos penales. En los juicios por violación, la aprobación de actitudes negativas hacia las mujeres suele ir acompañada de la aceptación de una serie de ?monstruosos? mitos sobre la violación (creencias estereotipadas y/o falsas sobre la violación, las víctimas de violación y los violadores). Estos mitos desplazan la culpa de las agresiones sexuales de los agresores a las víctimas, llegando a un punto en el que la denuncia de la víctima se convierte en una prueba de su carácter y credibilidad, especialmente en lo que se refiere a su comportamiento sexual y su integridad moral. En consecuencia, este fenómeno contribuye a permitir que el sistema de justicia penal italiano se convierta en un sistema de victimización secundaria en lugar de una fuente de apoyo para las mujeres que han sido violadas. Un análisis crítico de la sentencia del caso JL contra Italia nos permite sacar a la luz la interiorización subyacente de estereotipos basados en el género y la injusticia epistémica que sigue influyendo en los jueces y la sociedad italianos, lo que, a su vez, aumenta la brecha entre la ley en los libros -las protecciones formales consagradas en las leyes de protección contra la violación- y la ley en acción.
- Theoretical-methodological premises of the feminist perspective(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2023) Vujadinovic, DragicaEsbozar las premisas teórico-metodológicas de la perspectiva feminista es importante para alcanzar un nivel óptimo de complejidad y exhaustividad a la hora de aplicar el enfoque de igualdad de género. La perspectiva feminista se explicará desde el punto de vista de la dialéctica del patriarcado y la emancipación, y esta dialéctica se elaborará desde una perspectiva interseccional histórico-concreta, teniendo en cuenta al mismo tiempo la diversidad de relaciones de poder incrustadas en numerosas formas de discriminación basadas en el género, ya sean binarias o no binarias. En la introducción se explorarán términos relevantes dentro del discurso feminista. En el primer apartado se desarrollarán los puntos principales del enfoque teórico-metodológico feminista. Este primer apartado también contiene dos subapartados en los que se analizan brevemente, en primer lugar, cómo las diferentes crisis han fomentado en general las tendencias patriarcales al tiempo que han disminuido las emancipadoras y, en segundo lugar, cómo la estrategia de desarrollo neoliberal dominante ha tenido implicaciones mayoritariamente negativas (con algunas positivas) para el estado actual de la (in)igualdad de género. El objetivo de estos dos subapartados es acentuar que el enfoque teóricometodológico feminista tiene que tener en cuenta los factores de influencia mencionados dentro de las manifestaciones contemporáneas concretas, contextualizadas e interseccionales de la dialéctica del patriarcado y la emancipación. La aplicación del enfoque feminista en el ámbito de las teorías políticas y jurídicas se explorará en el tercer capítulo. El cuarto apartado demostrará la relevancia del enfoque feminista en algunos campos de la educación jurídica, tomados como ejemplo, así como en la práctica jurídica. En la conclusión se ofrece un resumen de las reflexiones sobre el significado, la aplicación y las implicaciones de la perspectiva feminista esbozada.
- Gender perspective in organizations: a CSR view(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2023) Costanza, FrancescaIn the last decades corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been gaining momentum between business society and policy makers. In parallel, ?gendered CSR?, or GCSR, has been spreading. GCSR can be defined as the tendency to integrate gender equality issues in the corporate social responsibility discourse. However, existing studies on GCSR appear fragmented and lack systematization. Furthermore, GCSR seems to privilege large firms as a focus, neglecting small/medium firms (or SMEs), family firms, and family SMEs. This paper aims at bridging these gaps through a critical assessment of extant literature, which can point out further research directions. For the purpose, a systematic literature review, linking gender and CSR, has been performed. The research design was based on a protocol aimed at minimizing bias in the paper collection. The analysis on the articles? sample allowed to identify key themes, methodological approaches, as well as phases of research development. These efforts converged to the proposal of an original conceptual framework synthesizing current knowledge and future research avenues about GCSR.
- Discrimination and Human Rights: the case of the Tampon Tax(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2023) Alfano, SoniaThe Tampon Tax has been for a long period ignored and, while the public opinion is now more active on the topic, it is still mostly unknown to many. Most countries apply a taxation on sanitary products that can range from 5% to 25% circa, which burdens an important part of the population for reasons beyond their control. While some EU Member States managed to tackle the issue quickly and efficiently, Italy has been fighting with the issue for some time, and only recently it has managed to temporarily reduce it to 5%.
- International and European Taxation Policies and Gender Discrimination(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2023) Alfano, RobertaTax policies and practices have an impact on women?s empowerment and condition progress towards truly egalitarian societies. Tax systems are not gender-neutral, as their design is embedded in a particular conception of the social organization model. Tax systems influence multiple factors, such as economic security; the accessibility and quality of public services; how women access the labour market and thus their income. Tax models may tend, in a more or less direct way, to perpetuate and even reinforce the patriarchal system, promoting a traditional conception of the family based on the figure of the male breadwinner and the female career and encouraging gender roles and the gender division of labour.
- From the violence of the aggressor State to the violence of the hosting State? Ukrainian raped women, Polish law on abortion and the EU protection of third-country women’s and girls’ sexual and reproductive rights(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2023) Evola, MarcoThe paper starts from the difficulties raped Ukrainian women and girls face in acceding to termination of pregnancy in Poland and focuses on the protection of women?s sexual and reproductive rights that international human rights law and international humanitarian law provide. The obligations the jurisprudence of the ECHR and the quasi-jurisprudence of UN treaty bodies have identified curtail states? discretion also when they implement EU law. The European Union has not raised the standards of protection guaranteed by the international instruments on human rights as a consequence of its limited competence in the area of health, the economic rationale lying behind its policy on non-discrimination on grounds of sex and the wide margin of discretion it secures to Member States in the area of migration.
- Abortion in the U.S. after Dobbs v. Jackson Women?s Health Organization. A comparative perspective(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2023) Potenzano, Rosalba; Smorto, GuidoThe essay aims to provide a critical insight into the legal status of abortion and reproductive rights in the US before and after Dobbs v. Jackson Women?s Health Organization (2022). In this decision, the US Supreme Court famously found that the Constitution does not protect the right to choose to terminate pregnancy and affirmed that abortion is to be regulated by state legislators. In the face of the patchwork of laws governing abortion in the United States, the essay intends to explore the long-lasting impacts of Dobbs by conducting a comparative analysis. We argue that contrary to the expectations of the Court, Dobbs has not distanced abortion from judicial power and that even lacking a constitutional right to abortion, the interplay between legislators and courts is critical in securing women?s reproductive rights nationwide.
