Street harassment is a global issue that disproportionately affects women and can discourage active travel to public spaces. This study explored experiences of harassment and the locations where this occurs during active transport (walking, cycling, wheeling and skateboard/skating) in urban areas of Spain, and predicted harassment risks based on environmental features. A total of 1788 residents from Spain's four largest cities (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, and Seville) participated in a Maptionnaire survey, reporting harassment incidents, locations, times, and types. OpenStreetMap data were used to analyse the built environment at these locations, and predictive analysis identified the environmental factors associated to harassment. Among the respondents, 208 reported experiencing harassment, with women (138 cases) disproportionately affected. Most incidents occurred during winter and at night, with verbal harassment being most common among women (60.5 %), while men reported verbal and visual harassment equally (31.1 %). Walking was the predominant mode of transport among victims (women: 84.1 %, men: 68.9 %). The analysis revealed that features such as pedestrian areas, crossings, fountains, parks, plant cultivation areas, and sports spaces were associated with increased harassment risks. These findings highlight the need for urban planners and policymakers to design safer public spaces for active transport, particularly from a gender-sensitive perspective, in order to reduce harassment and encourage more widespread active mobility.
