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Language Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal. Ed inglesa. 2015. Vol. 20, no. 5
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- Serologic control against hepatitis B virus among dental students of the University of Granada, Spain(2015) Arias Moliz, María Teresa; Rojas, Laura; Liébana Cabanillas, Francisco; Bernal, Carmen; Castillo, Francisca; Rodriguez Archilla, Alberto; Castillo, Ana; Liébana Ureña, JoséBackground: To evaluate the immunological situation against hepatitis B virus (HBV) of a cohort of dentistry students, to analyze the behavior of the levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) after the administration of one or three vaccine doses, and to determine the influence of age and sex on the immune response. Material and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included students attending the School of Dentistry of the institution where the study was performed from 2005 to 2012 who had completed the public health vaccination calendar for HBV at the age of 12-13. Data on age, sex, basal anti-HBs levels, post-vaccination anti-HBs results and final anti-HBs levels were collected. Comparisons of the basal and final levels, as well as associations regarding age and sex, were performed by means of the Student t and Chi-square tests. Results: Of the 359 students, 97 (27.02%) had basal antibody concentrations <10 mIU/ml, whereas in 262 the levels of anti-HBs were ≥10 mIU/ml (72.98%). Of the 288 participating students who completed the School ́s protocol for immunization, 287 (99.65%) attained a level of protection ≥10 mIU/ml. Globally, there were statistically significant differences between the basal antibody levels and those achieved after administration of the vaccine and booster, but no association with age or sex was observed. Conclusions: About 70% of dental students vaccinated as preadolescents had serologic evidence of protection against HBV. Administering a booster is associated with the presence of an excellent immune memory. There is clearly a need to reinforce control of the antibody levels in groups at risk, such as Dentistry students
- Clinical features and histological description of tongue lesions in a lar ge Northern Italian population(2015) Gambino, Alessio; Carbone, Mario; Arduino, Paolo-Giacomo; Carrozzo, Marco; Conrotto, Davide; Tanteri, Carlotta; Carbone, Lucio; Elia, Alessandra; Maragon, Zaira; Broccoletti, RobertoBackground: Only few studies on tongue lesions considered sizable populations, and contemporary literature does not provide a valid report regarding the epidemiology of tongue lesions within the Italian population. In this report, the histopathological and clinical appearance of 1.106 tongue lesions from northern Italians are described and discussed. Material and Methods: The case records of patients referred for the diagnosis and management of tongue lesions, from October 1993 to October 2013, were reviewed. Histological data were also obtained and blindly reexamined. Results: For instance, a biopsy performed on a lingual ulcer has a strong predicting association with a carcinoma, whereas a biopsy on a white lesion predicts for a leukoplakia or oral lichen planus. Moreover, a biopsy of erosion is representative of bullous diseases, whereas a biopsy on a verrucous-papillary lesion is significant for fibroma. Furthermore, carcinomas occur in the majority of cases on the lingual edge or pelvis, oral lichen planus is mainly seen on the edge, and fibromas mostly on the lingual tip. Conclusions: The high frequency of tongue involvement of such different diseases emphasizes the importance of histological characterization and that some diseases occur more frequently than others, with a peculiar clinical aspect and a more common area. In fact our survey can help the clinician in advancing diagnostic hypothesis, on the basis of the elementary lesion and its site of involvement
- Increased nuclear β-catenin expression in oral potentially malignant lesions: a marker of epithelial dysplasia(2015) Reyes Rojas, Montserrat; Rojas Alcayaga, Gonzalo; Maturana Ramírez, Andrea; Aitken Saavedra, Juan; Rojas, Carolina; Ortega Pinto, Ana VerónicaBackground: Deregulation of β-catenin is associated with malignant transformation; however, its relationship with potentially malignant and malignant oral processes is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the nuclear β-catenin expression in oral dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Material and Methods: Cross sectional study. Immunodetection of β-catenin was performed on 72 samples, with the following distribution: 21 mild dysplasia, 12 moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia 3, 36 OSCC including 19 well differentiated, 15 moderately differentiated and 2 poorly differentiated. Through microscopic observation the number of positive cells per 1000 epithelial cells was counted. For the statistical analysis, the Kruskal Wallis test was used. Results: Nuclear expression of β-catenin was observed in all samples with severe and moderate dysplasia, with a median of 267.5, in comparison to mild dysplasia whose median was 103.75. Only 10 samples (27.7%) with OSCC showed nuclear expression, with statistically significant differences between groups ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results are consistent with most of the reports which show increased presence of β-catenin in severe and moderate dysplasia compared to mild dysplasia; however the expression of nuclear β-catenin decreased after starting the invasive neoplastic process. This suggests a role for this protein in the progression of dysplasia and early malignant transformation to OSCC. Immunodetection of β-catenin could be a possible immune marker in the detection of oral dysplasia
- Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia after diode laser oral surgery: an experimen tal study(2015) Seoane, Juan; González Mosquera, Antonio; García Martín, J.M.; García Caballero, Lucía; Seoane Romero, Juan M.; Varela Centelles, Pablo IgnacioBackground : To examine the process of epithelial reparation in a surgical wound caused by diode laser. Material and Methods : A n experimental study with 27 Sprage-Dawley rats was undertaken. The animals were randomly allocated to two experimental groups, whose individuals underwent glossectomy by means of a diode laser at different wattages, and a control group treated using a number 15 scalpel blade. The animals were slaughtered at the 2nd, 7th, and 14th day after glossectomy. The specimens were independently studied by two pathologists (blinded for the specimens’ group). Results: At the 7th day, re-epithelisation was slightly faster for the control group (conventional scalpel) ( p =0.011). At the 14th day, complete re-epithelization was observed for all groups. The experimental groups displayed a pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. Conclusions: It is concluded that, considering the limitations of this kind of experimental studies, early re-epithelisation occurs slightly faster when a conventional scalpel is used for incision, although re-epithelisation is completed in two weeks no matter the instrument used. In addition, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia is a potential event after oral mucosa surgery with diode laser. Knowledge about this phenomenon (not previously described) may prevent diagnostic mistakes and inadequate treatment approaches, particularly when dealing with potentially malignant oral lesions.
- Incidence and prevalence of salivary gland tumours in Valparaiso, Chile(2015) Araya, Juan; Martínez, René; Niklander, Sven; Marshall, Maureen; Esguep, AlfredoBackground : To determine the incidence and prevalence of salivary gland tumours in the province of Valparaíso, Chile. Material and Methods : Retrospective review of salivary gland tumours diagnosed between the years 2000 and 2011 from four local pathology services. Information on demographics and histopathology were retrieved from the medical records. Results : The study sample consisted of 279 salivary gland tumours. Prevalence and incidence rates per 100.000 persons were 15.4 and 2.51, respectively. Most of the neoplasms corresponded to benign tumours (70.3%). The most affected gland was the parotid gland. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign tumour (53.8%) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignant tumour (7.2%). Conclusions : Salivary gland tumours are uncommon neoplasms that usually arise in the parotid gland. Pleomor- : Salivary gland tumours are uncommon neoplasms that usually arise in the parotid gland. Pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma were the most common benign and malignant tumours reported in this series.
- Dental care protocol based on visual supports for children with autism spectrum disorders(2015) Cagetti, Maria Grazia; Mastroberardino, Stefano; Campus, Guglielmo; Olivari, Benedetta; Faggioli, Raffaella; Lenti, Carlo; Strohmenger, LauraBackground : Subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) have often difficulties to accept dental treatments. The aim of this study is to propose a dental care protocol based on visual supports to facilitate children with ASDs to undergo to oral examination and treatments. Material and Methods : 83 children (age range 6-12 years) with a signed consent form were enrolled; intellectual level, verbal fluency and cooperation grade were evaluated. Children were introduced into a four stages path in or der to undergo: an oral examination (stage 1), a professional oral hygiene session (stage 2), sealants (stage 3), and, if necessary, a restorative treatment (stage 4). Each stage came after a visual training, performed by a psychologist (stage 1) and by parents at home (stages 2, 3 and 4). Association between acceptance rates at each stage and gender, intellectual level, verbal fluency and cooperation grade was tested with chi-square test if appropriate. Results: Seventy-seven (92.8%) subjects overcame both stage 1 and 2. Six (7.2%) refused stage 3 and among the 44 subjects who need restorative treatments, only three refused it. The acceptance rate at each stage was statistically significant associated to the verbal fluency ( p =0.02; p =0.04; p =0.01, respectively for stage 1, 3 and 4). In stage 2 all subjects accepted to move to the next stage. The verbal/intellectual/cooperation dummy variable was statistically associated to the acceptance rate ( p <0.01). Conclusions: The use of visual supports has shown to be able to facilitate children with ASDs to undergo dental treatments even in non-verbal children with a low intellectual level, underlining that behavioural approach should be used as the first strategy to treat patients with ASDs in dental setting.
- Repair of bone defect by nano-modified white mineral trioxide aggregates in rabbit: a histopathological study(2015) Saghiri, Mohammad-Ali; Orangi, Jafar; Tanideh, Nader; Asatourian, Armen; Janghorban, Kamal; Garcia-Godoy, Franklin; Sheibani, NaderBackground: Many researchers have tried to enhance materials functions in different aspects of science using nano-modification method, and in many cases the results have been encouraging. To evaluate the histopathological responses of the micro-/nano-size cement-type biomaterials derived from calcium silicate-based composition with addition of nano tricalcium aluminate (3CaO.Al 2 O 3 ) on bone healing response. Material and Methods: Ninety mature male rabbits were anesthetized and a bone defect was created in the right mandible. The rabbits were divided into three groups, which were in turn subdivided into five subgroups with six animals each based on the defect filled by: white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA), Nano-WMTA, WMTA without 3CaO.Al 2 O 3 , Nano-WMTA with 2% Nano-3CaO.Al 2 O 3 , and empty as control. Twenty, forty and sixty days postoperatively the animals were sacrificed and the right mandibles were removed for histopathological evaluations. Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc comparisons based on the LSMeans procedure was used for data analysis. Results: All the experimental materials provoked a moderate to severe inflammatory reaction, which significantly differed from the control group ( p < 0.05). Statistical analysis of bone formation and bone regeneration data showed significant differences between groups at 40- and 60- day intervals in all groups. Absence of 3CaO.Al 2 O 3 leads to more inflammation and foreign body reaction than other groups in all time intervals. Conclusions: Both powder nano-modification and addition of 2% Nano-3CaO.Al 2 O 3 to calcium silicate-based cement enhanced the favorable tissue response and osteogenesis properties of WMTA based materials.
- Efficacy of mandibular advancement device in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial(2015) Durán Cantolla, Joaquín; Crovetto Martínez, Rafael; Alkhraisat, Mohammad Hamdan; Crovetto de la Torre, Miguel Angel; Municio, Antonio; Kutz, Ramón; Aizpuru Barandiaran, Felipe; Miranda Serrano, Erika; Anitua Aldecoa, EduardoBackground: Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a mandibular advancement device (MAD) (KlearwayTM) in the treatment of mild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnea and chronic roncopathy. Material and Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double blinded, and crossover clinical trial was conducted. Placebo device (PD) defined as a splint in the centric occlusion that did not induce a mandibular advancement served as a control. The mandible was advanced to the maximum tolerable distance or to a minimum of 65% of the maximum protrusion. After each sequence of treatment, patients were assessed by questionnaires, conventional polysomnography, and objective measurement of snoring at the patient’s own home. Results: Forty two patients participated in the study and 38 completed the study. Patients mean age was 46 ±9 years and the 79% were males. The mean mandibular advancement was 8.6 ±2.8 mm. Patients used the MAD and the PD for 6.4 +2.4 hours and 6.2 +2.0 hours, respectively. Secondary effects (mostly mild) occurred in the 85.7% and the 86.8% of the users of MAD and PD, respectively. The MAD induced a decrease in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) from 15.3 +10.2 to 11.9 +15.5. The 50% reduction in the AHI was achieved in the 46.2% and the 18.4% of the patients treated with MAD and PD, respectively. The use of the MAD induced a reduction in the AHI by 3.4 +15.9 while the PD induced an increase by 10.6 +26.1. The subjective evaluation of the roncopathy indicated an improvement by the MAD and an increase in the perceptive quality of sleep. However, the objective evaluation of the roncopathy did not show significant improvements. Conclusions: The use of MAD is efficient to reduce the AHI and improve subjectively the roncopathy. MAD could be considered in the treatment of mild-to-moderate OSA and chronic roncopathy
- Influence of two different surgical techniques on the difficulty of impacted lower third molar extraction and their post-operative complications(2015) Mavrodi, Alexandra; Ohanyan, Ani; Kechagias, Nikos; Tsekos, Antonis; Vahtsevanos, KonstantinosBackground : Post-operative complications of various degrees of severity are commonly observed in third molar impaction surgery. For this reason, a surgical procedure that decreases the trauma of bone and soft tissues should be a priority for surgeons. In the present study, we compare the efficacy and the post-operative complications of patients to whom two different surgical techniques were applied for impacted lower third molar extraction. Material and Methods : Patients of the first group underwent the classical bur technique, while patients of the second group underwent another technique, in which an elevator was placed on the buccal surface of the impacted molar in order to luxate the alveolar socket more easily. Results: Comparing the two techniques, we observed a statistically significant decrease in the duration of the procedure and in the need for tooth sectioning when applying the second surgical technique, while the post-operative complications were similar in the two groups. We also found a statistically significant lower incidence of lingual nerve lesions and only a slightly higher frequency of sharp mandibular bone irregularities in the second group, which however was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The results of our study indicate that the surgical technique using an elevator on the buccal surface of the tooth seems to be a reliable method to extract impacted third molars safely, easily, quickly and with the minimum trauma to the surrounding tissues.
- Comparison of the efficacy of low doses of methylprednisolone, acetaminophen, and dexketoprofen trometamol on the swelling developed after the removal of impacted third molar(2015) Eroglu, Cennet-Neslihan; Ataoglu, Hanife; Yildirim, Gulsun; Kiresi, DemetBackground: The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of low doses of methylprednisolone, acetaminophen and dexketoprofen trometamol, which are among the drug groups used in our clinic, on postoperative swelling developing after removal of impacted third molar. Material and Methods: The three group of patients received either 40 mg methylprednisolone or 300 mg acetaminophen or 12.5 mg dexketoprofen trometamol one hour before the procedure, according to the patient groups. The patients in the methylprednisolone group were injected with methylprednisolone at a dose of 20 mg 24 hour after the procedure and prescribed 300 mg acetaminophen as rescue analgesic. During the postoperative period, the doses that were given before the procedure were continued 3 times a day for 2 days in the acetaminophen and dexketoprofen trometamol groups. Maximal swelling was assessed preoperatively and at the postoperative 48 hours by ultrasound images. Results: Swelling was 34% lower in the methylprednisolone than in the other groups; however, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups. The acetaminophen and dexketoprofen trometamol groups exhibited clinical results close to each other. Conclusions: Combination of low doses of methylprednisolone and acetaminophen provide a safe and adequate clinical success on swelling.
- Oral mucosal precancer and cancer: a helpful discriminating clinical tool(2015) Scully, Crispian; Sciubba, James; Bagán Sebastián, José VicenteThe authors have collaborated with many colleagues in several countries in formulating a useful and practical clinical tool for evaluating oral mucosal findings on routine examination. Consideration of several factors including history, evolution of positive findings and clinical information allows placement of examination results into one of three categories which are graded by a color scheme along a spectrum of concerns (green to red, or no concern to serious concern). Afforded to the clinician is a straightforward grading system as a starting point for office end clinic use for all patients.
- Efficacy of different methods used for dry socket management: a systematic review(2015) Taberner Vallverdú, Maria; Nazir, Mariam; Sánchez Garcés, María Angeles; Gay Escoda, CosmeBackground: Dry socket is one of the most common complications occurring after the extraction of a permanent tooth, but in spite of its high incidence there is not an established treatment for this condition. Objectives: Analyze the efficacy of different methods used in the management of dry socket regarding results of pain’s relief and alveolar mucosa healing compared to conventional surgical treatment of curettage and saline irrigation. Material and Methods: A Cochrane and PubMed-MEDLINE database search was conducted with the search terms “dry socket”, “post-extraction complications”, “alvogyl”, “alveolar osteitis” and “fibrynolitic alveolitis”, individually and net, using the Boolean operator “AND”. The inclusion criteria were: clinical studies including at least 10 patients, articles published from 2004 to 2014 written in English. The exclusion criteria were case reports and nonhuman studies. Results: 11 publications were selected from a total of 627. Three of the 11 were excluded after reading the full text. The final review included 8 articles: 3 prospective studies, 2 retrospective studies and 3 clinical trials. They were stratified according to their level of scientific evidence using the SORT criteria (Strenght of Recommendation Taxonomy). Conclusions: All treatments included in the review have the aim to relief patient’s pain and promote alveolar mucosa healing in dry socket. Given the heterogeneity of interventions and the type of measurement scale, the results are difficult to compare. Curettage and irrigation should be carried out in dry socket, as well as another therapy such as LLLT, zinc oxide eugenol or plasma rich in growth factors, which are the ones that show better results in pain remission and alveolar mucosa healing. Assessment alveolar bone esposure must be a factor to consider in future research. Taking into account the scientific quality of the articles evaluated, a level B recommendation is given for therapeutic interventions proposed for the treatment of dry socket.
- Influence of perioperative dexamethasone on delayed union in mandibular fractures: a clinical and radiological study(2015) Snäll, Johanna; Apajalahti, Satu; Suominen-Taipale, Anna-Liisa; Törnwall, Jyrki; Thorén, HannaBackground: The aim was to clarify the occurrence of delayed union after surgical treatment of mandibular fracture and investigate whether an association exists between perioperative use of dexamethasone and delayed union. Material and Methods: Thirty-seven patients were included in a prospective randomized study. Of these patients, 19 (51.4%) were randomized to receive a total dose of 30 mg of dexamethasone and 18 (48.6%) served as controls. Patients underwent clinical and radiological investigation immediately, one month, three months and six months postoperatively. Radiographs were evaluated by an experienced, blinded senior oral radiologist. Results: Delayed fracture union was found in 9 patients (24.3%). It was associated significantly with angle fractures (p=0.012). Delayed union occurred more frequently in patients who received dexamethasone (36.8%) than in those who did not (11.1%) (p=0.068). The association of infection with delayed union was significan t ( p=0.027). Moreover, dexamethasone was significantly ( p=0.019) associated with delayed fracture union with concomitant infection. Gender, age group, smoking habit, treatment delay and duration of surgery were not associated with delayed union. Conclusions: Infection was associated with delayed union. Short-term high-dose dexamethasone predisposed to complicated fracture union, especially in patients with angle fractures. The relationship between dexamethasone and delayed bone healing without infection remains unresolved
- Dental extraction in patients rece iving dual antiplatelet therapy(2015) Sánchez Palomino, Paulino; Sánchez Cobo, Paulino; Rodriguez Archilla, Alberto; González Jaranay, Maximino; Moreu Burgos, Gerardo; Calvo Guirado, José Luis; Peñarrocha Diago, Miguel; Gómez Moreno, GerardoBackground: Dual antiplatelet therapy consists of administering antiplatelet (antiaggregant) drugs (clopidogrel and aspirin) to prevent thrombotic processes, as a preventative measure in patients with acute coronary disease, or in patients subjected to percutaneous coronary intervention. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a protocol for performing dental extraction in patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy. Material and Methods: Thirty-two patients undergoing dental extractions were included in the study. The variables evaluated were: collagen-epinephrine fraction, collagen- adenosine diphosphate fraction, surgical surface, post-surgical measures, and adverse effects. Alveolar sutures and gauzes impregnated with an antifibrinolytic agent (tranexamic acid), which the patient pressed in place for 30 minutes, were applied to all patients as post- surgical measures. Descriptive statistics were calculated and analyzed with Student’s t-test to compare pairs of quantitative variables; simple regression analysis was performed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results: Collagen/epinephrine fraction was 264.53±55.624 seconds with a range of 135 to 300 seconds, and collagen/ADP fraction was 119.41±44.216 seconds, both values being higher than normal. As a result of the postsurgical measures taken, no patients presented post-operative bleeding, hematoma or infection. Conclusions: Dental extraction was safe for patients receiving dual anti-platelet therapy when using sutures and gauze impregnated with tranexamic acid, which the patient pressed in place for 30 minutes .
- Cone beam computed tomographic analysis of maxillary premolars and m olars to detect the relationship between periapical and marginal bone loss and mucosal thickness of maxillary sinus(2015) Goller Bulut, Duygu; Sekerci, Ahmet Ercan; Köse, Emre; Sisman, YildirayBackground: This study assessed the relationship between mucosal thickness (MT) of the maxillary sinus and periodontal bone loss (PBL) and periapical condition of related teeth. We also aimed to identify the association between root apices and the inferior wall of the maxillary sinus using Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods: In this study, CBCT images of 205 patients with 410 maxillary sinuses were examined, retrospectively. A total of 582 maxillary molars and 587 premolars were observed. The relationship of each root with maxillary sinus and apical lesions of these roots were classified, PBL was examined and the situations of adjacent teeth were estimated. The effect of these conditions on sinus mucosal thickness (MT) was evaluated. Results: There was a significant correlation between MT of maxillary sinus and both PBL and age (r = 0.52, p =0.000 and r = 0.111, p = 0.002, respectively). The frequency of MT increased as the severity of apical lesion enlarged. A positive correlation was found between MT and degree of PBL and periapical lesions. To reveal the association between MT and pulpoperiapical condition bivariate correlation was done and a significant relationship between the pulpoperiapical condition and MT was found (r = 0.17, p =0.000). Conclusions: This retrospective study showed that MT of the maxillary sinus was common among patients with PBL and MT was significantly associated with PBL and apical lesions. The relationship of maxillary sinus to adjacent teeth had also positive correlation with MT. CBCT imaging enabled better evaluation of maxillary sinus, posterior teeth and surrounding structures compared to other imaging tools
- Evaluation of volumetric measurements on CBCT images using stafne bone cavities as an example(2015) Adisen, Mehmet Zahit; Yılmaz, Selmi; Misirlioglu, Melda; Atil, FethiBackground: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of CBCT in volume measuring using Stafne Bone Cavities (SBC) as an example. Material and Methods: The study was conducted with 14 subjects with SBC detected on panoramic radiographs. In order to evaluate lesions volumetric dimensions, CBCT images for each patient were captured. Files in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format were transferred into a medical image processing program (ITK-SNAP 2.4.0) and volume in mm 3 of the cavities were measured using semi-automatic segmentation procedure by 2 observers blinded to each other over a one-month period. Inter-reliability of volumetric measurements between observers was compared. SBCs relation to mandibular canal was also examined and three types of relation were observed; type 1: mandibular canal is separated from the SBC, type 2: mandibular canal is in contact with SBC, type 3: mandibular canal goes through the SBC. Results: There were 12 males and 2 females who had SBC in this study (age range: 37-73, mean age: 55.3 years). The total volume of SBC in patients ranged from 160 mm 3 to 520 mm 3 (mean: 361.7 mm 3 ). There was no significant difference between observers for volume measurements ( p >0.05). According to relationship of SBC with mandibular canal, most SBCs were Type 1 (64.3 %) followed by type 3 (21.4 %) and type 2 (14.3 %). Pearson correlation coefficient shows a positive correlation between lesions volumetric size and relation with mandibular canal (pearson correlation = 0.54, sig < 0.05). Conclusions: Based on the results of this preliminary study, CBCT was considered to be an effective radiographic technic for measuring volumetric sizes of SBCs. However further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to prove the usefulness of CBCT in volume measurements
- Oral cleanliness and gingival health among S pecial Olympics athletes in Europe and Eurasia Oral cleanliness among athletes with intellectual disabilities e591 Journal section: Medically compromised patients in Dentistry Publication Types: Research(2015) Marks, Luc; Fernandez, Carla; Kaschke, Imke; Perlman, StevenBackground: Special Olympics athletes, as well as the general population of people with intellectual disabilities, are expected to have poorer gingival health. The aim of the study is to explore the prevalence of gingival signs of inflammation and its relationship to oral cleanliness and age among Special Olympics athletes from Europe and Eurasia. Material and Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study was performed with data collected through standardized oral from 15.941 athletes from annual Special Olympics events held in 49 countries, from Europe and Eurasia between 2007 and 2012. The data was analysed descriptively, with One-Way ANOVA test and Chi-Square test. Results: The level of significance was predetermined at a p value < 0.05. A total of 7,754 athletes presented with gingival signs (48.64%). There were no significant differences ( p = 0,095 ) in mean gingival signs between age groups, however the association between mouth cleaning and age, was statistically significant. Conclusions: The data suggests that there is a high prevalence of gingival signs among individuals with special needs; over 50% in more than 20 countries. Therefore, there is a serious need for education and preventive programs for the patients, their parents and caregivers
