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Language Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry. 2017. Vol. 9, no. 9
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- Solitary fibrous tumor of the floor of the mouth(2017) Rodrigues, Renata Miranda; Fernandes, Aethel Gladys de Oliveira; de Oliveira, Silvia Paula; Camisasca, Danielle Resende; Marques, André Aguiar; Lourenço, Simone de Queiroz ChavesA solitary ?brous tumor (SFT) of the oral cavity is an extremely rare entity. Its diagnosis is complicated because of its diverse morphology and similarity to other mesenchymal diseases. A rare case of SFT involving floor of the mouth is presented. The tumor was well circumscribed and almost spherical, measuring approximately 3 cm in diameter. Patient was submitted to biopsy and histopathologic examination showed a tumor composed of spindle to epithelioid cells showing pale to eosinophilic cytoplasm, oval or elongated nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli. Tumor cells showed strong positivity for CD34, vimentin and Bcl-2. SFTs may present as a diagnostic challenge. The patient was followed for 8 years without recurrences. SFT is an uncommon disease in maxillofacial region; however it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasms with oral manifestation. Only a few cases have been reported in the floor of mouth. We describe a new case of SFT arising at this location.
- The use of spiral CT in the detection and management of a permanent maxillary first molar with single root and single canal : a rare occurrence(2017) De Souza, Neil; Shetty, Krishna; Kolipaka, Rohit P.; Chalakkal, PaulA sound knowledge of the normal tooth morphology and its numerous variations is essential to the success of endodontic therapy. While extra canals and lateral canals are routinely encountered and documented, there also exists the rare possibility of a fewer number of canals than normal. Early detection of such an occurrence is critical to the prevention of iatrogenic errors during endodontic treatment. The advent of spiral CT as a diagnostic tool serves as a much needed confirmation to understand the complex three dimensional anatomy of teeth. The aim of this case report is to highlight one such case reporting unusual morphology of the permanent maxillary first molar displaying single canal and single root, and the role of spiral CT in its detection and management.
- Cone beam computed tomography diagnostic imaging of intra-osseous mucoepidermoid carcinoma in the mandible(2017) Costa, André Luiz Ferreira; Ferreira, Thasia-Luiz-Dias; Soares, Haroldo Arid; Nahas Scocate, Ana Carla Raphaelli; Montesinos, Gonzalo André Parra; Braz Silva, Paulo HenriqueIntra-osseous mucoepidermoid carcinoma in the mandible is a rarely reported entity, comprising only 2-3% of all mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Unilocular and/or multilocular radiolucency is characteristic of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, but has a radiographic appearance similar to that of odontogenic benign and malignant tumors and thus cannot be accurately diagnosed on plain films. This article describes a case of a 36-year-old man with intra-osseous mucoepidermoid carcinoma in the left mandible. For a detailed analysis, both panoramic radiograph and cone beam computed tomograph were taken. Important clinico-pathological and imaging features, differential diagnosis and review of the literature are described.
- Marsupialization of a large dentigerous cyst in the mandible with orthodontic extrusion of three impacted teeth. A case report(2017) Abu-Mostafa, Nedal; Abbasi, ArshadThe dentigerous cyst (DC) is the most common type of developmental odontogenic cyst. It is usually asymptomatic and associated with the crown of an unerupted or impacted tooth. However, after a long duration, it is likely to cause significant bone resorption, cortical expansion, and tooth displacement. This report presents a large infected DC in the mandible of a 12-year-old female patient. The DC was located inferior to badly decayed primary molars and surrounded three impacted permanent teeth: canine, first premolar, which had a dilacerated root, and second premolar. The DC was treated successfully by marsupialization and extrusion of the impacted teeth. In conclusion, the combination of marsupialization with orthodontic extrusion is a conservative, efficient protocol that stimulates bone healing and promotes the eruption of cyst-associated teeth even if they are deeply impacted, crowded, or have a dilacerated root.
- Myeloid sarcoma of the oral cavity : a case report and review of 89 cases from the literature(2017) Andrade, Bruno Augusto Benevenuto de; Farneze, Renan de Barros; Agostini, Michelle; Cortezzi, Ellen Brilhante; Corrêa-Abrahão, Aline; Cabral, Marcia Grillo; Rumayor, Alicia; Romañach, Mário JoséMyeloid sarcoma is a tumor mass of immature myeloid or granulocytic cells that affects extramedullary anatomic sites, including uncommonly the oral cavity. A 24-year-old female was referred for evaluation of a fast growing painful gingival swelling lasting 2 weeks, associated with fever, fatigue, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Intraoral examination showed a bluish swelling on the right posterior lower gingiva exhibiting necrotic surface. Incisional biopsy of the gingival lesion displayed diffuse infiltration of undifferentiated tumor cells with granulocytic appearance, strongly immunopositive for CD99, myeloperoxidase and Ki-67 (60%), and negative for CD20, CD3, CD34 and TdT. Blood tests presented a severe pancytopenia, and genetic analysis confirmed the diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia. The final diagnosis was of oral myeloid sarcoma associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia with t(15;17). The patient was submitted to chemotherapy but died of the disease one month later. The clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of the present case are compared with the 89 cases of oral myeloid sarcoma previously reported in the English-language literature.
- Association between prenatal maternal cigarette smoking and early childhood caries. A systematic review(2017) Kellesarian, Sergio Varela; Malignaggi, Vanessa-Ros; de Freitas, Paula; Ahmed, Hameeda-Bashir; Javed, FawadThe aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between prenatal maternal cigarette smoking (PMCS) and early childhood caries (ECC) through a systematic review of currently available scientific evidence. Eight observational cross-sectional studies were included. The number of participants ranged between 1102 and 76920 children with age ranging between 24 months and 72 months. Seven studies reported a positive association between PMCS and ECC. One study reported that children whose mother smoked at least five cigarettes/day during pregnancy presented a higher caries severity level compared with to those whose mothers did not smoke. One study showed no association between ECC and PMCS. The association between PMCS and ECC remains debatable. Further well-designed longitudinal studies are needed in this regard.
- Bimaxillary simultaneous immediate loading of full-arch restorations : a case series(2017) Cercadillo Ibarguren, Iñaki; Sánchez Torres, Alba; Figueiredo, Rui; Valmaseda Castellón, E.To describe a bimaxillary simultaneous immediate loading protocol with full-arch implant-supported fixed prostheses. A prospective case series of 8 patients who required full-arch rehabilitation was conducted. The main inclusion criteria were patients with teeth that required extraction. At least 1 molar per arch was temporarily employed to stabilize the surgical template and the provisional prosthesis during intraoral relining. Two upper implants failed in 1 patient. Structural fracture was registered in 3 patients, around 3 months after loading. All of them had bruxism. Three esthetic complications were registered: midline deviation, canting of the oclusal plane and color mismatch. Although this protocol achieves optimal results, some mechanical complications were encountered. The fracture of the provisional prosthesis is a relatively common mechanical complication but does not seem to jeopardize the final treatment result.
- Transportation assessment in simulated curved canals after preparation with twisted file adaptive and bt-race instruments(2017) Andrade-Junior, Carlos-Vieira; Neto, Nilton Dessaune; Rodrigues, Renata Costa Val; Antunes, Henrique dos Santos; Porpino, Mariana Teixeira Maneschy; Carvalhal, Júlio Cesar A.; Armada, LucianaThis study compared the incidence of deviation along curved canals after preparation with two nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary systems, Twisted File Adaptive and BT-RaCe. Forty resin training blocks with curved canals were filled with ink and divided into two groups according to the instrumentation technique. Preinstrumentation images were acquired by using a stereomicroscope. The canals were up to an instrument #35/0.04. Postinstrumentation images were captured using the same conditions, and the images were superimposed. The amount of resin removed was measured at 8 different points, beginning at the apical terminus of the canal. Differences in the mesial and distal aspects were measured to evaluate the occurrence of deviation. The Student?s-t test was used for comparison of the intragroup deviation. Intergroup analysis was performed by using one-way ANOVA for each level. For multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni test was used and a cutoff for significance was set at 5%. Intragroup analysis showed that both instrumentation techniques promoted some deviation at all levels. BT-RaCe showed significantly lower deviation at 0 and 4-mm levels than Group Twisted File Adaptive (p<0.05). On the other hand BT-RaCe showed worse performance at level 6. The results of this study demonstrated that none of the NiTi tested systems was able to instrument curved canals simulated in resin blocks without some deviation during the preparation. There is still need for improvement in the instruments manufacturing aiming the better performance of endodontic files in curved root canals.
- Updated secondary implant stability data of two dental implant systems. A retrospective cohort study(2017) Grognard, Nicolas; Verleye, Gino; Mavreas, Dimitrios; Vande-Vannet, BartAt present, updated secondary implant stability data generated by actual versions of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and mobility measurement (MM) electronic devices of 2 different implant systems with actual manufactured surfaces seem to lack and/or are incomplete. Secondary implant stability data based on both RFA and MM measurements were collected and analyzed from 44 formerly treated patients (24 f, 20 m) that received either Ankylos Cellplus (Ø3.5mm) (A) (n=36) or Straumann regular neck SLA tissue level (Ø4.1mm) (S) (n=37) implants in posterior positions of both jawbones (total number= 72). These results were interpretated in view of formerly published data. Estimated RFA outcomes (mean±SD) for A implants were of 81.23 (±0.65) (LP) - 76.15 (±1.57) (UP) isq; for S implants 76.15 (±1.48) (LP) - 73.88 (±2.34) (UP) isq. Estimated MM outcomes for A implants were (-4.0) (±0.23) (LP) - (-3.2) (±0.33) (UP) ptv; for S implants (-5.15) (±0.39) (LP) - (-4.4) (±0.84) (UP) ptv. According to GEE statistical modelling, implant type and ? position seems to influence the outcome variables (p<0.05), gender and implant length did not (p >0.05). Secondary implant stability values, recorded with current RFA and MM devices, of A Cellplus implants are provided for the first time. A difference of 14.7-9.7 isq values was noted for CellPlus versus TPS S implants recorded with a cabled RFA device. This study supports the assumption that RFA outcomes generated with first generation RFA devices are different from those obtained with current RFA devices, meaning that its use in reviews need caution and correction.
- Secondary implant stability outcome of immediate versus late placed variable-thread implants in the maxilla. A retrospective cohort study(2017) Grognard, Nicolas; Verleye, Gino; Mavreas, Dimitrios; Vande-Vannet, BartThe healing of xenograft augmentated intra-alveolar gaps following immediate implant placement (IMIP) after tooth extraction is likely to differ in time and density compared to the native bone part that directly contacts the implant. Secondary implant stability (SIS) data recorded 2-3 months following a late implant placement protocol (LIP) (n= 43) and 6-8 months following an immediate implant placement protocol (IMIP) (n=33) of variable-thread implants (Nobel Active?) in the maxilla were retrospectively collected from files of 63 patients (42 females, 21 males). Statistical analysis was performed using a generalized estimating equation model (GEE). Data split-up according to implant diameter (RP, Ø= 4.3mm) , narrow platform (NP, Ø= 3.5mm) was adopted. For NP implants, the mean ISQ (±SD) values were 70.84 (±4.86) in LIP group and 72.41 (±3.89) in the IMIP group. For RP implants, mean ISQ (±SD) values were 73.45 (±8.77) in the LIP group and 75.93 (±5.73) in the IMIP group. Significant effect of treatment modus in favour of the IMIP and gender in favour of males and implant position was noted (p<0.05). SIS following a IMIP protocol after 6-8 months is comparable to LIP protocol after 2-3 months. A minor ISQ outcome difference in favour of the IMIP protocol can be attributed to a difference in hard tissue alteration during healing of the xenograft part.
- Low-cost method for obtaining medical rapid prototyping using desktop 3d printing : a novel technique for mandibular reconstruction planning(2017) Velasco, Ignacio; Vahdani, Soheil; Ramos, HectorThree-dimensional (3D) printing is relatively a new technology with clinical applications, which enable us to create rapid accurate prototype of the selected anatomic region, making it possible to plan complex surgery and pre-bend hardware for individual surgical cases. This study aimed to express our experience with the use of medical rapid prototype (MRP) of the maxillofacial region created by desktop 3D printer and its application in maxillofacial reconstructive surgeries. Three patients with benign mandible tumors were included in this study after obtaining informed consent. All patient?s maxillofacial CT scan data was processed by segmentation and isolation software and mandible MRP was printed using our desktop 3D printer. These models were used for preoperative surgical planning and prebending of the reconstruction plate. MRP created by desktop 3D printer is a cost-efficient, quick and easily produced appliance for the planning of reconstructive surgery. It can contribute in patient orientation and helping them in a better understanding of their condition and proposed surgical treatment. It helps surgeons for pre-operative planning in the resection or reconstruction cases and represent an excellent tool in academic setting for residents training. The pre-bended reconstruction plate based on MRP, resulted in decreased surgery time, cost and anesthesia risks on the patients.
- The influence of crossbite in early development of mandibular bone asymmetries in paediatric patients(2017) Diéguez Pérez, Montserrat; Nova GarcÃa, JoaquÃn de; Mourelle MartÃnez, Mª Rosa; González Aranda, CristinaAll authors agree that posterior crossbite is a malocclusion that affects mandibular growth and may lead to skeletal asymmetry but there are few data on which age these modifications are easily quantifiable. For this study, the researchers used x-ray records of 217 children between 6 and 9 years of age, in the mixed dentition stage and with unilateral posterior crossbite. All the horizontal variables were traced and evaluated by the principal researcher, using the tpsDig version 2 computer program. Subsequently, a descriptive and statistical analysis was carried out, using the SPSS 17.0 for Windows program. After analysing the vertical mandibular traces on the x-rays, the researchers found, in all cases, quantifiable differences between the crossbite side and the non-crossbite side. The differences between horizontal variables were statistically significant (p<0.005) for the entire sample (H3-H4), in the group of boys (H3-H4) and in the 7-year old age group (H1-H2 and H3-H4). Differences were observed in the size of the horizontal measures between the crossbite side and the non-crossbite side. Some of these differences were significant as a function of the sex and age of the study sample.
- The effect of photodynamic therapy and polymer solution containing nano-particles of Ag /ZnO on push-out bond strength of the sealers AH-Plus and MTA Fillapex(2017) Yavari, Hamidreza; Ghasemi, Negin; Divband, Baharak; Rezaei, Yashar; Jabbari, Golchin; Payahoo, SalarThe aim of this in vitrostudy was to examine and compare the effect of photodynamic therapy and solution containing nano particles Ag/ZnO on adhesion of endodontic sealers to dentinal walls of human root canal. Ninty single-rooted human teeth were selected and their clinical crown was cut from the cemento-enamel junction zone. Canals were prepared by RaCe rotary system and the smear layer was removed using 17% EDTA and 5.25% NaOCl. Samples were randomly divided into two groups of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex based on the sealer type and each group based on antimicrobial method was divided into two sub-groups of photodynamic therapy and polymer containing nano particles of Ag / ZnO and a control sub-group (N = 15). After obturation of canals with gutta-percha and sealers mentioned, the samples were incubated for a week at a humidity of 95% and 37°C and then 2mm thick discs were prepared from the middle region of roots for Push-out test. The maximum failure force was recorded in newton and converted to MPa. Then, 3 random specimens of each subgroup were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed by Two way ANOVA and (P<0.05) was considered significant. The highest (4.84 ± 1.63) and lowest (0.16 ± 0.075) push-out bond strength values were obtained in (AH Plus-PDT) and (MTA Fillapex-Ag/ZnO) respectively. Independent of antimicrobial method, AH Plus bond strength was significantly higher than the MTA Fillapex (p<0.001). For both sealers, PDT increased the bond strength significantly (p<0.001). Photodynamic therapy has a positive effect on the bond strength of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex sealers.
- Epidemiological survey on third molar agenesis and facial pattern among adolescents requiring orthodontic treatment(2017) Gómez de Diego, Rafael; Montero MartÃn, Javier; López Valverde, Nansi; Nieves, José Ignacio de; Prados Frutos, Juan Carlos; López-Valverde Centeno, AntonioThe aim of this study was to determine the association between facial pattern according to Ricketts cephalometric analysis, and prevalence of third molar agenesis, taking subject age and gender as control variables. An epidemiological survey was conducted based on a sample of 224 candidates for orthodontic treatment aged 12 to 24 (n=224). Third molar agenesis was recorded using Ricketts cephalometric analyses of lateral teleradiographs and panoramic radiographs. The risk for agenesis was predicted considering the 5 Vert Index parameters (facial axis, facial depth, mandibular plane angle, lower facial height and mandibular arch), facial type (brachyfacial, mesofacial, dolichofacial) and sociodemographic variables (age and sex), using odds ratio (OR) calculated by logistic regression. Third molar agenesis was observed in 25% of the sample. Risk for agenesis is significantly determined by sociodemographic factors (age, OR: 1.2), cephalic patterns (mesofacial vs dolichofacial, OR:4.3; and brachyfacial vs dolichofacial OR: 3.2) and cephalometric patterns (facial axis, OR: 0.8; lower facial height, OR: 0.8; and mandibular plane angle, OR:0.9). Facial parameters (facial axis, lower facial height, and mandibular plane angle) proved to be strong predictors of the risk for third molar agenesis, the prevalence of agenesis being significantly lower in dolichofacial individuals.
- Effect of antibacterial/adhesive approaches on bonding durability of fiber posts cemented with self-etch resin cement(2017) Shafiei, Fereshteh; Memarpour, Mahtab; Vafamand, Narges; Mohammadi, MahsaLongevity of post-retained restoration is highly depended on bonding stability of fiber post (FP) to root dentin. This study evaluated the effect of different antibacterial/adhesive approaches on bonding durability of FPs luted into root canal with a self-etch cement. Seventy-two human maxillary central incisor roots were divided into six groups after endodontic treatment, based on the antibacterial/adhesive treatments as follows: 1)ED primer II (ED, control); 2) Clearfil Protect Bond (PB); 3) 2% chlorhexidine (CH) pretreatment + ED primer II (CH+ED); 4) CH-incorporated into ED primer II (CH in ED); 5) CH pretreatment + Clearfil SE Bond (CH+SE); and 6)CH-incorporated into SE primer (CH in SE). The FPs were then cemented using PanaviaF2.0. After micro-slicing the bonded root dentin, a push-out bond strength (PBS) test was performed immediately or after two years of water storage. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests (?=0.05). The effects of antibacterial/adhesive approach, time and interaction between the main factors were significant (p=0.01). There was no significant difference between the immediate groups, except between the CH+ED group (the lowest PBS) and PB and CH in SE groups (the highest PBS) (p?0.03). After aging, the same difference was observed (p?0.02); the control group exhibited a significantly lower PBS compared to the other groups (p?0.01), except for CH+ED. Aging significantly decreased PBS of all the groups (p?0.01); the control group exhibited the highest reduction. CH incorporated into self-etch primers or in pretreatment step prior to two-step self-etch adhesive and antibacterial adhesive could improve bond stability of self-etch cemented fiber post. However, none of these was capable of inhibiting bond degradation over time.
- Evaluation of the effect of home bleaching agents on surface microhardness of different glass-ionomer cements containing hydroxyapatite(2017) Sharafeddin, Farahnaz; Kowkabi, Mahsa; Shoale, SoodabeHome bleaching agents may exert some negative effects on surface hardness of restorative materials such as glass-ionomer cements (GICs). Since some studies have shown that some components such as hydroxyapatite (HA), as a bioactive glass, can improve the mechanical properties of dental materials, the effect of bleaching agents on surface hardness of GICs containing hydroxyapatite is questionable. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of home bleaching agents on the surface hardness of two different commercially available GICs containing hydroxyapatite. 80 disk-shaped specimens were made from two different GICs, including resin modified glass-ionomer and Zirconomer. Each material was divided into four groups (n=10): 1. control, 2. 20 %wt. hydroxyapatite-containing, 3. bleached and 4. bleached 20 %wt. hydroxyapatite-containing. Group 1 and 2 specimens were stored in distilled water for 2 weeks while group 3 and 4 specimens were treated with 15% carbamide peroxide in that period. Surface hardness was tested with Vickers surface hardness tester. Data were analyzed with 3-way ANOVA and mean comparison done by post hoc Tukey tests (p<0.05). In general RMGI had a significantly highest Vickers surface hardness value among all groups. 15% carbamide peroxide reduced surface hardness compared to control groups (RMGI and Zr) significantly. In the HA-containing GICs groups, bleaching agent did not significantly changed the surface hardness value. In this study we concluded that applied treatments (bleaching and adding HA) in implicit percentages reduced surface hardness of GICs. Also we suggest more studies in clinical conditions be done to verify these results.
- Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of Chitosan, Chlorhexidine, Propolis and Sodium hypochlorite on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm : an in vitro study(2017) Jaiswal, Natasha; Sinha, Dakshita-Joy; Singh, Udai-Pratap; Singh, Kanwardeep; Jandial, Urja-Ahuja; Goel, ShivikaLong term successful root canal treatment requires effective debridement and disinfection of root canal system. Persistent periradicular lesions are usually associated with Enterococccus faecalis. Prompt research for natural alternatives for irrigation is mainly due to the constant increase in antibiotic resistant strains and side effects caused by synthetic drugs. Sodium hypochlorite; the gold standard for irrigation has many disadvantages. Therefore, the present study was aimed to explore newer irrigants probably be as more effective and at the same time would be less irritating to the tissues than NaOCl. Ninety extracted human mandibular premolars were biomechanically prepared, vertically sectioned, placed in tissue culture wells exposing the root canal surface to E. faecalis to form a biofilm. At the end of 3rd week, all groups were irrigated with 3 ml of test solutions and control for 10 minutes. The samples were then scraped with a scalpel, inoculated on tryptone soy agar plates and incubated for 24 hours at 37ºC. The plates were then subjected to digital colony counter and evaluated for E. faecalisgrowth. The growth was statistically analysed by ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey tests. Chitosan + Chlorhexidine, NaOCl and Chlorhexidine showed no statistically significant difference, whereas all the other inter?group differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Chitosan + Chlorhexidine, Chlorhexidine and Propolis were found to be as efficacious as sodium hypochlorite. The use of natural alternatives as root canal irrigation solutions might prove to be advantageous considering several unfavorable properties of NaOCl.
- Changes in crevicular cytokines after application of melatonin in patients with periodontal disease(2017) Montero MartÃn, Javier; López Valverde, Nansi; Ferrera, MarÃa José; López-Valverde Centeno, AntonioA clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effects of topical application of melatonin on the crevicular fluid levels of interleukins and prostaglandins and to evaluate changes in clinical parameters. A consecutive sample of 90 patients were recruited from the Health Centre of Pinos Puente in Granada, Spain and divided into 3 groups: 30 patients with diabetes and periodontal disease, who were given melatonin; 30 patients with diabetes and periodontal disease, who were given a placebo, and 30 healthy individuals with no history of systemic disease or clinical signs of periodontal disease, who were also given a placebo. The 30 patients with diabetes and periodontitis were treated with topical application of melatonin (1% orabase cream formula) for 20 days by. The rest of the patients with diabetes and periodontitis and healthy subjects were treated with a placebo of orabase cream. We measured the gingival index by exploring the percentage of standing teeth bleeding on probing. The periodontogram was performed with a Florida Probe. In the diabetic patients who were given topical melatonin, there was a statistically significant decrease in the two clinical parameters. By contrast, in diabetic patients who were given the topical placebo, there was no statistically significant variation. In patients with diabetes and periodontal disease, treatment with topical melatonin was associated with a significant improvement in the gingival index and in pocket depth, and a statistically significant reduction in concentrations of interleukin-1?, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 in gingival crevicular fluid.
- Distribution of macrophages and plasma cells in apical periodontitis and their relationship with clinical and image data(2017) Azeredo, Stéphane V.; Brasil, Sabrina C.; Antunes, Henrique; Marques, Fábio V.; Pires, Fábio-Ramôa; Armada, LucianaMacrophages and plasma cells play a key role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of these cells in apical periodontitis and their distribution comparing with clinical and image data. Thirty-three lesions were selected and divided in two groups (17 periapical cysts and 16 periapical granulomas). Immunoreactions using anti-CD68 and anti-CD138 antibodies were carried out; image analysis was performed with an optical microscope and 5 high-power fields from each slide were evaluated leading to an average score of immunoexpression. This mean score was compared between the two groups and correlated with the clinical and image data. There was no statistically significant difference (p >0.05) for the mean average score of CD68+ macrophages and CD138+ plasma cells when comparing the two groups (cysts x granulomas) and the specimens included in each specific group. No statistically significant differences (p >0.05) were also observed when comparing the average scores with clinical and image data. The presence of CD68+ macrophages and CD138+ plasma cells was similar in periapical cysts and granulomas and the presence of these cells did not correlate with clinical and image data from both groups.
