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Language Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry. 2025. Vol. 17, no. 03
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- A rare case of hairy leukoplakia in a young immunocompetent patient(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) Moura, LL.; Carrapato, VV.; Santos, MM.; Santos, PS.We present a case of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) in a male, 21-year-old immunocompetent patient. The patient had white, asymptomatic plaques located bilaterally on the tongue margin. The patient noticed the signs days after burning his tongue with hot food, which triggered the investigation. The case was treated initially as candidiasis and frictional keratosis. Exfoliative cytology indicated the presence of actinomycetes in the lesions, and a blood count suggested mild leukopenia (3,910/mm³; reference value 4,500 - 11,000/mm³). Photodynamic therapy and antiseptic mouthwash were used, with no improvement in the condition. The diagnosis of OHL had concluded after an incisional biopsy and immunohistochemical examination for anti-EBV. The patient’s blood and serological tests showed no noteworthy changes. Cases of hairy leukoplakia in immunocompetent patients had founded in the literature and suggest that when this occurs, patients often have some comorbidity, such as hypertension, or use medications such as antihypertensives and steroid inhalers. However, the patient in the present case did not any of these conditions, which made the diagnosis challenging. In any case, it is always important to investigate the medical history and immune status of a patient diagnosed with OHL.
- Computer-Aided excision of Parapharyngeal Space Pleomorphic Adenoma by Transcervical Approach. Case report(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) López-Martínez, C.; Aragón-Niño, Í.; García-López-Chicharro, A.; Pampín-Martínez, MM.; Cebrián-Carretero, JL.The parapharyngeal space, situated in the neck’s lateral part, poses challenges for surgical intervention due to its complex anatomy. Tumors in this space are rare, accounting for 0.5-1% of head and neck tumors, often remaining asymptomatic until reaching substantial sizes.This article outlines the surgical management of such lesions using navigation software, illustrated through a clinical case. A 38-year-old male presented with a mass at the right mandibular angle. Preoperative planning with Brainlab iPlan CMF® software aided in understanding the tumor’s relationship with adjacent structures. A transcervical approach facilitated tumor excision without damaging vital anatomical structures. Histopathology confirmed pleomorphic adenoma.The paper underscores the rarity of parapharyngeal tumors, the importance of individualized surgical strategies, and the utility of 3D technology in preoperative planning for enhanced anatomical understanding.The cervical approach remains a satisfactory choice for benign lesions in this challenging space.
- Effect of precooling on the assessment of pain during local anesthesia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) de Andrade, AB.; de Moraes, SL.; de Franç,a AJ.; Costa, RT.; Pellizzer, EP.; Vasconcelos, BC.Various methods aim to reduce pain from local anesthesia injections. While commonly used, topical anesthetics have limitations. This systematic review aimed to assess whether precooling is a more effective alternative to topical anesthetics for pain control during local anesthesia injections in adults.The review followed PRISMA guidelines and used the PICO framework. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023446314). Independent searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science for studies published up to November 2024. Articles meeting the eligibility criteria were included. Data were extracted by one author and verified by another. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate pain between the precooling and topical anesthetic groups after anesthesia and during needle insertion.Eight randomized clinical trials met the inclusion criteria, with a combined sample of 415 patients. Six of the eight studies reported lower pain scores in patients who received precooling compared to those treated with topical anesthetics. Various agents were used for both local cooling and topical anesthesia. Meta-analysis showed statistically significant pain reduction in favor of precooling after anesthesia; however, no significant differences were found during needle insertion.Precooling may be an effective alternative to topical anesthetics, reducing pain associated with needle insertion and anesthetic injection in adults. Further research is warranted to establish a standardized application protocol.
- Is periodontitis a risk factor for ischemic stroke?: systematic review and meta-analysis(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) Asmat-Abanto, AS.; Espejo-Carrera, RE.; Honores-Solano, TM.; Del Castillo-Huertas, OM.; Caballero-Alvarado, JA.; Minchón-Medina, CA.Evidence suggests an association between periodontitis and ischemic stroke due to the elevated production of inflammatory markers and damage by infectious agents, which would promote a recurrent prothrombotic state. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to determine whether periodontitis is a risk factor for ischemic stroke.A systematic search was conducted in five databases, including cohort and case-control studies published up to April 2024, in which periodontitis was evaluated as a risk factor for ischemic stroke through relative risk (RR), hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the risk of bias, and the GRADE system was used to determine the certainty of the evidence.Of the 1121 studies found, 16 were included in the qualitative analysis, and 10 were meta-analyzed. The global synthesis showed that periodontitis was a risk factor for ischemic stroke (OR=2.59, I2=96%), with the same result being found for the case-control subgroup (OR=3.44, I²=73%) and the cohort subgroup (OR=2.05, I²=99%). Individuals with periodontitis were also found to be more likely to develop lacunar infarcts (OR=5.00, I2=0%).Periodontitis is a risk factor for ischemic stroke with very low certainty of evidence and high heterogeneity. Furthermore, individuals with periodontitis were more likely to develop lacunar infarcts, with moderate certainty of evidence and null heterogeneity.
- Chronic Osteomyelitis of the Jaw. Osteomyelitis(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) López-Carriches, C.; Mateos-Moreno, MV.; Taheri, R.; López-Quiles Martínez, J.; Madrigal-Martínez-Pereda, C.Chronic osteomyelitis of the jaw is an inflammatory reaction of bone tissue of infectious origin that affects the medullary cavity. The main causes of osteomyelitis are odontogenic or traumatic.Bibliographic research, the following electronic databases have been searched: Pubmed Medline and the Chochrane Library Plus.Clinical symptoms are pain, inflammation, suppuration, intraoral or extraoral drainage fistulas. Bone and soft tissues that do not respond favorably to treatment, potentially can lead to bone sequestra.Diagnosis should include a histopathological study throughout a proper biopsy. Identifying the responsible microorganisms is not easy, as the sample can be contaminated by nearby sites. However, a presumptive diagnosis can be made through clinical and radiographic evaluation.Treatment for osteomyelitis involves eliminating the source of infection and necrotic tissue, establishing drainage, restoring blood supply, and controlling the infection with appropriate antimicrobial therapy.Broad-spectrum antibiotics like penicillin or clindamycin are often prescribed initially, but the regimen may be adjusted based on the microbiological findings.Long-term antibiotic therapy is generally required, ranging from 4 to 6 weeks, depending on the severity and chronicity of the infection.
- Association Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Periodontal Inflammatory Parameters: a systematic review(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) Melo, A.; Flores-Fraile, J.; Lo Giudice, R.; Marchetti, E.; Nart, J.; Greethurst, AR.; Voltas, FR.; Tarallo, F.; Galletti, C.The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the current evidence of the potential correlation between periodontitis inflammatory parameters and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Electronic literature searches in PubMed, Medline, EBSCO, Scopus (ELSEVIER), Cochrane Library (Wiley) and Grey Library were conducted to analyze relevant references. Eligibility was based on inclusion criteria which included cross-sectional studies published after 2012.The rationale for selecting this temporal framework was grounded in the availability of studies from this period that aligned with the objectives and parameters of the review Authors independently selected the studies and extracted the data. Quality assessment was conducted under the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The outcome variables were objectives, demographics, risks factors, dental statement, Pathogens, and conclusions.The technique used was the comparison, pooling and study of different case studies (considered, or not, significant and/or representative). Out of 564 potentially eligible articles, 5 cross-sectional articles were included based on specific inclusion criteria such as being published after 2012, alignment with the study objectives, and focusing on Alzheimer’s disease and periodontal inflammatory parameters. All five studies highlight a higher prevalence of AD in women that increases in age. While four studies supported connection between AD and periodontal inflammatory parameters, one study found no plausible association. The quality assessment displayed a mean score of 10.8 (Range: 0 to 13), being the domain “selection” the highest ranked and the “comparability” the lowest.Despite some conflicting studies, most suggest a positive correlation between PD and AD, highlighting the necessity for further clinical and longitudinal research. Also, patients with AD exhibit poorer oral hygiene, which contributes to PD, emphasizing the need for comprehensive dental care. Factors such as genetics, lifestyle and age play a significant role in this association.
- Influence of Er, Cr and Diode-980nm lasers on the microhardness of root dentin after cariogenic challenge(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) de Menezes, BA.; Pacheco, LR.; Guarato, FR.; Paiva, GR.; Faraoni, JJ.; Palma-Dibb, RG.; Oliveira, MA.; de Castro, DT.; Geraldo-Martins, VR.; Lepri, CP.Root caries is an oral health condition characterized by the demineralization of the root surfaces of teeth. It is particularly common among elderly populations. Lasers have proven to be quite effective in treating root caries, with varying effects depending on the laser parameters and the target tissue. Thus, aim of this article was to evaluate the influence of Er,Cr laser irradiation and 980 nm diode laser application, with or without fluoride treatment, on the microhardness of root dentin.Eigthy-bovine incisors were selected (4mm x 4mm x 3mm-thickness) and divided into 8 groups (n=10). NT: no treatment (negative control); FG: Fluoride gel (2%NaF); Er,Cr: Er,Cr: YSGG; Er,Cr+FG; FG+ Er,Cr; Di: 980 nm diode laser; Di+FG; FG+Di. The parameters Er,Cr:YSGG laser were as follows: 0.25 W; 5.0 Hz; 4.46 J/cm2 without water and 55% air. Furthermore, the 980-nm diode laser parameters were 2.0 W; 2.0 Hz; 21.41 J/cm2. Half of each specimen was isolated (control area) and the other half received one of the treatments proposed after to pH cycling during for 15 days to simulate a high caries risk environment, followed by longitudinal microhardness analysis (Knoop) under a load of 30 gf for 30 seconds. Microhardness percentage values were analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s post hoc test for pairwise comparisons.The highest percentage of microhardness loss was observed at 30 μm in FG (35.7%) and in CO (51.9%) (p< 0.05).This study suggests that laser irradiation, with or without fluoride application, is associated with reduced microhardness loss in root dentin.
- Assessing the reliability of an integrated device measuring tongue pressure and bite force among dentate individuals – An observational study(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) Banuchandar, J.; Aishwarya, A.; Uma-Maheswari, M.; Kasim, M.Tooth loss leading to complete edentulism negatively impacts quality of life and oral function. Reduced biting force capability affects normal oral function in those who have lost teeth. Decreased tongue pressure significantly affects total oromotor function, especially swallowing. While devices exist to measure biting force and tongue pressure independently, integrated evaluation tools are lacking. This emphasizes developing a reliable integrated tool for simultaneous evaluation.Purpose: To evaluate the reliability of an integrated device designed to measure tongue pressure and bite force simultaneously in dentate individuals.Study participants were 80 dentate individuals aged 21 to 55 years who were apparently normal. Participants with specific dental restorations, temporomandibular joint disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, or pacemakers were excluded. The MD30-60 force-sensitive sensors were employed to collect data on tongue pressure and bite force. Three recordings of the tongue pressure and bite force was done by three investigators at 1 minute time interval to prevent muscle fatigue. Statistical analysis utilized Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) to assess the reliability of measurements.The analysis of the Intraclass correlation and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient demonstrated excellent reliability for bite force measurements, with ICC values ranging from 0.882 to 0.906 and a mean bite force of approximately 510 N. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) values ranged from 0.795 to 0.827 indicating good consistency among investigators. Bland-Altman analysis confirmed minimal bias and strong agreement for both measurements across investigators.The novel integrated device demonstrated high reliability for measuring bite force and tongue pressure simultaneously.
- Post-cementation sensitivity of bridges cemented with different adhesive resin cements(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) Farag, D.; Almufti, A.; Alghalayini, M.; Shaheen, N.; Darwish, M.; Sadek, S.Post-cementation sensitivity remains a common clinical concern in fixed partial dentures (FPDs), with variations in adhesive resin cement formulations influencing patient discomfort and long-term success. This study aimed to compare post-cementation sensitivity in FPDs cemented with three different resin cements: self-adhesive resin cements, resin cement with a self-etch adhesive, and resin cement with an etch-and-rinse adhesive.A total of 27 patients demanding the replacement of one missing posterior tooth with a FPD were selected for the study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups based on the type of cement used. The abutments, which were caries- and restoration-free, were prepared using standard techniques. In total, 68 abutment teeth were prepared across all patients, of which 65 were vital abutments. The FPDs were cemented using one of the following cements: Multilink Speed (MUS) (self-adhesive resin cement), Rely-X Unicem (RXU) (self-adhesive resin cement), Rely-X Ultimate & Single Bond Universal (RXUS) (self-etch adhesive mode), and Rely-X Ultimate & Single Bond Universal (RXUE) (etch-and-rinse mode). Sensitivity to cold water, air and biting was assessed pre-operatively as a control and post-operatively at 24 hours, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The data were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test.Sensitivity to cold decreased significantly for most cements within 2 to 6 weeks, although VAS scores for RXUE remained above the 30% level. RXUE also exhibited significantly higher sensitivity to biting compared to Multilink Speed (MUS), Rely-X Unicem (RXU), and Rely-X Ultimate in self-etch mode (RXUS). MUS showed no biting sensitivity, while RXU and RXUS displayed mean values below 5% at the 2-week mark.The use of self-adhesive resin cements (MUS and RXU) and the resin cement with self-etch adhesive (RXUS) resulted in significantly lower post-operative sensitivity compared to the resin cement with etch-and-rinse adhesive (RXUE) in FPDs.Clinical Application: When cementing FPDs, particularly in cases involving freshly cut dentin, it is advisable to use self-adhesive cements or resin cements with self-etch adhesive.
- Bolton’s ratio variations in Angle’s Class I, Class II and Class III malocclusions: an observational study(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) Roy, P.; Koley, S.; Sheet, S.The aim of this study was to compare Bolton’s Overall and Anterior ratio in different types of malocclusions.105 study cast were taken from the patients undergoing orthodontic treatment and they were divided into three classes based on molar relation, i.e. Angle’s Class I (n = 35), Angle’s Class II (n = 35) and Angle’s Class III (n = 35) according to the Angle’s classification of malocclusion. The mesio-distal widths of all maxillary and mandibular teeth from right first molar to left first molar were measured with a digital calliper. The findings were then used to calculate the anterior and total Bolton’s ratios. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and Tukey’s test.The mean total ratio for the whole sample was 91.4±3.33, which is very close to Bolton’s proposed ideal ratio. The anterior ratio for the whole sample was found to be 77.4±9.02, which is also similar Bolton’s proposed ideal ratio. In Class I patients, the mean total ratio calculated was 91.2 ± 2.69, that is close to Bolton’s proposed ideal ration and the mean anterior ratio calculated was 79.2±3.78, which is greater than Bolton’s proposed ratio that signify increased mesio-distal width in mandibular anterior segment. The total mean ratio calculated for Class II was 91.1 ± 3.44) and for Class III patients was 92±3.77. The anterior mean ratio for class III patients was 78.6±5.24 and for Class II patients was 76.8± 5.28 which indicates higher anterior ration for class III patients and lower anterior ratio for class II patients compared to Bolton’s ideal ratio that signifies mandibular anterior tooth material excess in Class III patients and maxillary anterior tooth material excess in class II cases.In this study population there was increased mesio-distal width in mandibular anterior segment in patients with Class I and Class III malocclusion. Also, there is maxillary anterior tooth material excess in Class II patients.
- Effects of corrosion on orthodontic mini-implants related to removal torque fracture resistance(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) Dal Paz, J.; Dallepiane, FG.; da Silva, A.; Beltrami, LV.; Haupt, W.; Trentin, MS.This study evaluated the effect of metallic corrosion on the torsional fracture resistance of mini-implants of different alloys in two solutions: artificial saliva and artificial saliva+fluoride.The research included 60 mini-implants: 30 of Ti6Al4V and 30 of stainless steel from the brand Morelli. The groups were divided into G1: stainless steel control, G2: Ti6Al4V control, G3: stainless steel in saliva, G4: stainless steel in saliva+fluoride, G5: Ti6Al4V in saliva, and G6: Ti6Al4V in saliva+fluoride, all with n=10. A potentiostat conducted electrochemical corrosion tests. Subsequently, one mini-implant from each group underwent SEM analysis for corrosion examination (80 and 5.000x). Then, the mini-implants were removed from the rods and subjected to a mechanical torsion fracture test (500N) using a mandrel coupled to a universal mechanical testing machine. After fracture or deformation, one mini-implant from each group underwent SEM analysis again (80 and 5.000x).The statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the groups (stainless steel: 0.076 and Ti6Al4V: 0.199; pp>0.05). The Shapiro-Wilk test indicated that the data did not follow a normal distribution (p<0.05). The pitting potential analysis revealed no significant differences between G3 and G4, G5 and G6, or G4 and G6. Fracture resistance tests showed that most stainless steel mini-implants deformed rather than fractured completely (G1: 33.95N; G3: 40.60N; G4: 28.26N), requiring higher force for fracture. All Ti6Al4V mini-implants fractured at lower forces due to the material’s brittleness (G2: 26.35N; G5: 27.50N; G6: 24.01N).All analyzed groups experienced corrosion and pitting potentials, but none exerted sufficient influence to fracture or deform the devices under torsion.
- Effect of botulinum toxin injection into the masseter muscle in patients with bruxism: a single-arm, institutional-based prospective clinical study(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) Hamad, SA.; Ahmed, O.; Alraad, A.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin injection into the masseter muscle in patients with bruxism, focusing on pain, maximum mouth opening, occlusal bite force, and masseter muscle thickness.Thirty patients with bruxism (21 females, 9 males; mean age 32 ± 10 years) were injected with 10 IU of botulinum toxin into each masseter muscle. Evaluations were conducted at baseline and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-injection to assess pain, maximum mouth opening, occlusal bite force, and masseter muscle thickness.Pain scores significantly declined from 6.8 ± 1.2 to 3. 4± 1.1 at 4 weeks. Mouth opening showed a significant improvement, increasing from 38.2 ± 3.9 mm to 41.3 ± 4.0 mm at 4 weeks. Bite force was significantly reduced from 500.5 ± 45.2 N to 422.0 ± 39.2 N at 4 weeks. Masseter muscle thickness also significantly decreased, from 13.4 ± 1.6 mm to 11.8 ± 1.5 mm at 4 weeks. A positive correlation was observed between the reduction in masseter muscle thickness and the decrease in bit force.Botulinum toxin injection was safe and effective in reducing pain, masseter muscle thickness, and bite force, as well as in improving mouth opening in patients with bruxism.
- Bristle splaying and abrasive potential of different toothbrushes on the enamel and resin composite after brushing simulation(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) de Bragança, GF.; Martins, JF.; Orsi, CG.; de Jesus, ID.; Soares, CJ.; Soares, PB.Correct oral physiotherapy using toothbrushes is essential for mechanically removing biofilms to reduce caries and periodontal disease, but ideal toothbrush parameters have not yet been fully defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bristle splaying and abrasive potential of different toothbrushes on enamel and resin composites after simulated brushing for 30, 90, and 180 days.Seventy bovine flat tooth crowns containing a circular cavity on the enamel were restored using a resin composite (Forma, Ultradent) and brushed for 30, 90, and 180 days using seven toothbrushes (n = 10): Colorcare (Bianco Oral Care), Delicare (Bianco), Carbon-Magnetherapy (Bianco Oral Care), SlimSoft Advanced (Colgate), Pro Cuidado (Colgate), Curaprox CS5460 (Curaden), and Curaprox CS3960 (Curaden). The enamel and resin composite surface roughness (Ra) were evaluated at baseline and after brushing. The wear index and wear rate were evaluated using macrophotography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measurement analysis of variance and Kruskal Wallis followed by Tukey’s and Duns tests (α = 0.05).The Ra of the resin composite significantly increased after 30 (using SlimSoft), 90 (using SlimSoft, Pro Cuidado, and Carbon), and 180 days (using Colgate Pro Cuidado and CS3960; P< 0.001). The Ra of enamel increased significantly after 90 days of using Pro Cuidado, and 180 days using Pro Cuidado and CS5460. Carbon exhibited the highest wear index variation.CS5460, Carbon, and SlimSoft exhibited higher bristle volumes, narrow filament diameters, and higher wear rates and wear indices with lower Ra alterations. The Ra of the resin composite after 180 days was significantly higher for Pro Cuidado and CS3960. Enamel Ra was significantly higher in Pro Cuidado.
- Evaluation of the bond strength, surface roughness and wettability between 3D-printed denture base resin to denture lining material to different surface treatments(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) Pereira, AL.; de Souza, BB.; de Miranda, LM.; Curinga, MR.; de Sousa, LC.; de Queiroz, EÉ.; Barão, VA.; Carreiro, Ad.The low bond strength between 3D-printed denture base resin and denture lining material is due to the difference in chemical structure, which justifies the use of methods to increase such bond. This study aims to examine the influence of different surface treatments on the bond strength, surface roughness, and wettability between 3D-printed denture resin and denture lining material.Bar-shaped (75×10×10 mm) and square-shaped (10×10×3 mm) specimens were manufactured using heat-polymerized (HT) (VIPICRIL Plus) and 3D-printed (3D) (Prizma 3D Bio Denture) denture base resin. The bar specimens were sectioned, removing 3 mm from the center to facilitate the insertion of the denture lining material (Ufi Gel SC). Specimens were subjected to three surface treatments (n=15): no treatment (CT), immersion in monomer for 180 seconds (M), and airborne-particle abrasion oxide with 50 µm aluminum oxide (AP). The tensile bond strength was measured at a rate of 5mm/min before and after subjecting the specimens to thermocycling (10 000 cycles). The square-shaped specimens were used to assess average surface roughness (Ra) and wettability (°). Data analysis was performed using a 3-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test (P<.05).The treatment of the 3D-printed denture base resin (1.200±0.486) with AP made the bond strength to the denture lining material similar to HT denture base resin (1.314±0.249), without the negative impact of aging. In contrast, M treatment increased the bond strength of both resins to the denture lining material (HT: 2.076±0.463; 3D: 1.534±0.484). Treatment with M provided a lower contact angle for the 3D and HT denture base resin, while the HT denture base resin presented a greater surface roughness for M and AP, compared to 3D.The 3D-printed denture base resin should undergo immersion in monomer treatment to enhance its bond strength with the denture lining material.
- Dentoalveolar changes and transverse discrepancies through the treatment of class II division 1 malocclusion in children using a twin block device(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) Samad, R.; Nasir, M.; Anas, A.; Ramadhany, S.; Sesioria, A.This study aims to analyze dentoalveolar changes and transverse discrepancies in the treatment of class II division 1 dentoskeletal malocclusion before and after treatment using a functional twin block device.This study used a comparative analytical study to compare dentoalveolar changes and maxillary transverse discrepancies. The research sample was a study model of patients aged 7–15 years with 23 study models with class II division 1 dentoskeletal malocclusion cases at the clinic of the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hasanuddin University Educational Oral and Dental Hospital (RSGMP UNHAS). A sampling of the study model was carried out by purposive sampling. The measurement data was tested using the chi-squared normality test and then the statistical test was the paired t test.Based on the statistical analysis of paired t-test there is a change in the distance between the mandibular canines, there is a change in the distance between the first premolars or between the mandibular first primary molars, there is a change in the distance between the second premolars or between the maxillary second primary molars, and there is a change in the distance between the maxillary molars after treatment using a twin block device.There were substantial dentoalveolar alterations in overjet, overbite, molar relation, and distance between premolars and molars after using the twin block device.
- Effect of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors on the Dentin Bond Strength and Durability of a Two-Step Universal Adhesive System(Medicina Oral S.L., 2025) Ebrahimi-Chaharom, ME.; Moeinian, A.; Abed-Kahnamouei, M.; Daneshpooy, M.; Bahari, M.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using two types of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPI) on the dentin bond strength and durability of a two-step universal adhesive (G2-BOND Universal Adhesive).This study was conducted on 24 extracted molars, resulting in 144 samples. The occlusal surface of the teeth was cut perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis to expose the dentin. The samples were divided into 6 groups: Group 1 (Control, etch-and-rinse (ER)): bonding in the ER mode without MMPI; Group 2: bonding in the ER mode with chlorhexidine (CHX); Group 3: bonding in the ER mode with benzalkonium chloride (BAC); Group 4 (Control, Self-etch (SE)): bonding in the SE mode without MMPI; Group 5: bonding in the SE mode with CHX; Group 6: bonding in the SE mode with BAC. The entire dentin surface was restored with composite resin. Each group was further divided into two subgroups and either thermocycled for 500 or 10,000 cycles. The samples were cut into cylinders with a one square millimeter cross-sectional area and tested for microtensile bond strength (µTBS). Data was analyzed using 3-Way ANOVA and Games-Howell tests (p 0.05).The µTBS to dentin decreases after aging. However, the use of MMPI preserves bond strength to some extent in comparison to control groups after aging.
