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Language Actualidad jurídica iberoamericana. 2024. Número 21
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- Los principios del nuevo proceso judicial digital tras la reforma del RD-Ley 6/2023(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Josune Pérez Estrada, MirenThe text also highlights new emerging principles of the digital judicial process introduced by RD-Law 6/2023. Among these principles, the integrity of the process, the authenticity of judicial proceedings, security and transparency in data management, and the general principle of data orientation are emphasized. This last principle reflects the importance of efficient data management to improve the interoperability of systems, electronic processing, judicial decision-making and other functions related to the administration of justice.
- El Reglamento (UE) núm. 2020/1784 y su contribución al impulso de la digitalización de la cooperación judicial en materia civil y mercantil en la Unión Europea(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Palao Moreno, GuillermoDuring the past few years, and with greater intensity since the COVID-19 crisis, the European Union has set itself the objective of boosting the development of a digital single market, directly affecting policies such as judicial cooperation in civil and commercial matters. As a result of this impulse, regulatory efforts have multiplied, as illustrated by the elaboration of Regulation (EU) No 2020/1784 on the service in the Member States of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial matters (?service of documents?) (recast version). Despite its short life and due to the effervescence of this legislative activity, it has already undergone two amendments, in order to adapt to the rapid pace of attempts to promote the incorporation of digital tools in this field. Therefore, there is a need not only to analyse the digital service mechanisms offered by Regulation (EU) No 2020/1784, but also to place this significant instrument in the broader context of the full digitisation of European judicial cooperation in Civil or Commercial matters.
- El carácter electrónico del primer emplazamiento o citación del demandado: ¿eficiencia versus garantías? el antes y el después del Real Decreto-Ley 6/2023(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Marcos Francisco, DianaSurprisingly, and with great haste, Royal Decree-Law 6/2023, of December 19, has just been approved, which approves urgent measures for the execution of the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan in matters of public justice service , public service, local government and patronaje, which introduces - for what is now interesting to highlight - transcendental measures to promote and use information and communication technologies (ICT) in the subject of the Administration of Justice. This approval invites us to evaluate the changes introduced in this regard, among which the present study focuses on critically analyzing the regulation related to an essential procedural issue like the right to effective legal protection (art. 24.1 CE), as is the way in which the first document instituting the proceedings or summons of the defendant should be carried out when the latter is a subject obliged to relate electronically with the aforementioned Administration. Such examination is carried out considering the Spanish jurisprudence, including the most recent.
- La respuesta japonesa a la digitalización de la justicia ? enmienda de la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil en mayo de 2022(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Hatta, TakuyaFor a long time, Japan has been a laggard in the digitization of its judiciary. But finally, it took a very important step towards the digitalization of justice through the modification of the Code of Civil Procedure in May 2022. This article aims at tracing the history of the amendment, explaining the overall content of it and giving some analysis.
- La lucha contra el abuso sexual de menores en internet: reflexiones a la luz de la Propuesta de Reglamento(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Luis García, Elena deAdvances in the Information Society and new communication technologies have brought with them an alarming increase in the sexual abuse of minors via the Internet. The tools available so far to tackle this form of criminality have proved insufficient, which has highlighted the need to strengthen regulation and develop new mechanisms to effectively prevent and combat this type of conduct. To this end, the Proposal for a European Union Regulation to prevent and combat child sexual abuse was presented in 2022.
- Un análisis de los procesos de resolución de litigios sobre contratos ilícitos en los mercados de la Red Oscura(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Cortés, PabloThis paper seeks to unravel how participants in the marketplaces of the Dark Web have access to dispute avoidance tools and dispute resolution systems designed to minimise and settle disputes arising from illicit transactions. A growing number of individuals go the Dark Web to carry out mostly illegal activities, which range from the purchase of illegal drugs to the purchase of ransomware and weapons. Payments typically take place via an escrow system that holds the cryptocurrency paid by anonymous buyers to anonymous sellers until the buyers confirm their satisfaction with the transaction. When buyers are not satisfied and cannot settle their complaint directly with the seller, they can start a dispute whereby typically an independent adjudicator freezes the payment in the escrow and considers the evidence provided by the parties, and often also the views of the marketplace community, and determines the outcome of the dispute. The paper examines the dispute avoidance and resolution tools that seek to enhance trust in anonymous peer to peer illicit transactions, and it argues that these emerging dispute resolution systems are contributing to the organic growth of a civil justice ecosystem for the Dark Web.
- Derecho Fundamental al debido proceso y presupuestos europeos: el rol de la Unión Europea en apoyo a la eficiencia digital de la justicia(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Cernada Badía, RosaThe efficiency of justice is currently a measure of the effectiveness of the fundamental right to due process. In order to achieve this, digitalization policies are essential to decongest the courts, resulting in a higher quality of the Administration of Justice. Aware of the benefits of incorporating technology into the Administration of Justice, the European Union is developing a notable regulatory and budgetary policy to support the digitization of Justice, the impact of which on judicial efficiency can be measured. The institutional effort is significant, but the quantification and assessment of its effects faces methodological difficulties that invite to improve the systems of analysis of the efficiency of Justice.
- Ramón Fernández, Francisca: La vivienda colaborativa o cohousing: su oportunidad como nueva forma de habitar, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 2024(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) de Verda y Beamonte, José RamónResenya
- Metaverso, violencia de género y orden de alejamiento virtual(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Simó Soler, Elisa; López Hernández, HernánEl metaverso, como espacio digital tridimensional e interconectado, plantea desafíos jurídicos significativos que exigen una reflexión sobre la posible adaptación del marco legal destinada a mantener un equilibrio entre la innovación tecnológica y la seguridad de las personas usuarias. El artículo explora la extrapolación de las órdenes de alejamiento al metaverso, un entorno virtual donde la estructura espacio-temporal se diluye y la creación de múltiples identidades es facilitada a través de Inteligencia Artificial. Se propone en el supuesto de hecho de la violencia contra las mujeres, un fenómeno que muta y hace uso de los desarrollos tecnológicos para ejercer control. Poder formular propuestas regulativas eficaces exige una comprensión en profundidad de las dinámicas del metaverso, de sus potencialidades y sus límites, con el fin de anticipar futuros escenarios que permitan reconsiderar la respuesta judicial frente a estos nuevos escenarios en los ordenamientos chileno y español.
- ¿Quién es quién en el Reglamento Europeo de Inteligencia Artificial? Las autoridades notificantes y los organismos notificados(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Palma Ortigosa, AdriánPeople want a product not to harm them when they use it. It is clear that the use of AI systems creates risks for citizens. At the same time, there is also no doubt about the value that their use brings to today's societies. The Artificial Intelligence Act establishes the rules of the game for organisations seeking to develop or use AI systems within their borders. Among these rules several entities play an essential role in the pre-marketing phase of these AI systems. These entities are the notified bodies and the notifying authority. In this paper we study their legal regime and their scope of application in different sectors such as police, judicial, biometric identification, medical devices, lifts, toys, among others.
- Inteligencia artificial en la justicia con perspectiva de género: amenazas y oportunidades(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Montesinos García, AnaThe use of applications and tools based on artificial intelligence in the justice system is beginning to be implemented, although it is still in its infancy. In this paper, we analyse their risks and benefits from a gender perspective. First, we examine the threats posed by algorithmic biases that reinforce gender stereotypes, as well as deepfakes as new forms of violence perpetrated by AI, whose main victims are women. Second, we look at the use of algorithmic tools in the fight against the greatest exponent of inequality, such as gender-based violence. Specifically, to support victims, to investigate certain crimes and to prevent their execution through predictive techniques that assess the risk of recidivism.
- El uso de sistemas de Inteligencia Artificial (IA) de identificación biométrica remota en espacios públicos en la Ley Europea de IA(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Etxeberria Guridi, José FranciscoThe use of biometrics to clarify and prosecute criminal acts and, above all, their perpetrator has a long. The application of artificial intelligence systems for such biometric identification purposes multiplies their effectiveness exponentially. But, at the same time, the impact on citizens' rights increases. The text of the European Artificial Intelligence Act addresses this delicate issue, but without failing to spark lively controversy.
- La revolución procesal para la ciudadanía tras el RDL 6/2023, a través de las aplicaciones de la administración de justicia digital(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Catalán Chamorro, María JoséLa irrupción del Real Decreto 6/2023 ha tenido un impacto sin precedentes en la vida jurídica de la ciudadanía. Por un lado, le da carta de naturaleza a aplicaciones informáticas preexistentes, a las que se le aumentan funcionalidades y se les reviste de legalidad. Y, por otro lado, se mejora el acceso a la justicia de la ciudadanía de manera telemática. Sin embargo, quedan retos por superar de los que se tendrá que ocupar el CTEAJE como es la eterna problemática de la interoperabilidad entre los sistemas.
- El uso jurisdiccional de la inteligencia artificial: habilitación legal, garantías necesarias y la supervisión por el CGPJ(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Cotino Hueso, LorenzoThe study supports the potential for the jurisdictional use of artificial intelligence (AI), but with sufficient legal guarantees. The analysis focuses on the necessary and varying legal coverage due to different concurrent rights. It is stressed that the EU's AI Regulation does not serve as a legal enabling act. Based on the constitutional requirements, the new regulation of automated systems and AI in Royal Decree-Law 6/2023 is analysed, which is considered insufficient. It is also studied the obligation to regulate guarantees by law, pointing out the difficulty of regulating guarantees in addition to those of the RIA. Furthermore, a regulation of guarantees based on comparative standards is proposed. Finally, the supervisory functions of the authorities under the RIA are described and it is explained that only the General Council of the Judiciary (Consejo General del Poder Judicial) can be the supervisory authority for high-risk jurisdictional IA systems in Spain, due to its independence and the separation of powers. Neither the Spanish Artificial Intelligence Supervisory Authority (AESIA) nor the Spanish Data Protection Agency (AEPD) fulfil the necessary requirements for this role in the jurisdictional sphere.
- Convergencia internacional y caminos propios: regulación de la inteligencia artificial en América Latina(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Contreras Vásquez, PabloThe paper provides an overview of AI regulatory attempts in Latin America. It examines the related international treaty obligations, the soft law instruments on the subject and the national strategies or policies of Latin American States. From the description of the different regulatory levels, it explains how, in certain matters, Latin American States converge with international or European standards, confirming the ?Brussels? effect. However, the region exhibits regulatory peculiarities, such as the recognition of neuro-rights and the regulation of neurotechnologies. Furthermore, with the approval by the European Parliament of the Artificial Intelligence Regulation, it is possible that the ?Brussels? effect will intensify in the bills currently being processed in Latin American congresses.
- La algoritmización del dictamen pericial: ¿puerta de entrada para la aparición del perito-robot?(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Cantos Pardo, MartaThe algorithmisation of the judicial process constitutes one of the largest challenges for the future of justice. This work analyzes the relationship between algorithms and evidence. Specifically, it studies the evaluation of expert evidence through auxiliary algorithmic systems and the possibility that expert opinions can be done by algorithms with generative artificial intelligence, identifying some of their problems and challenges.
- El caso de la negociación asistida en el ámbito del Derecho de consumo para un mejor acceso a la justicia en chile: lecciones aprendidas en el desarrollo de software con tecnologías de inteligencia artificial(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Bozzo Hauri, SebastiánNew technologies for assisted negotiation and conflict resolution in law refer to the use of digital platforms and online tools to facilitate and improve communication and collaboration between parties in conflict. These technologies include, among others, online mediation, virtual negotiation rooms, the exchange of information and documents through secure platforms, and the use of Artificial Intelligence to analyze data and generate settlement options. It is important to note that while these technologies can offer significant benefits, they also pose significant challenges. Data privacy and security, the fairness of algorithms, and the potential lack of access to these technologies by certain population groups are critical issues that need to be carefully and thoughtfully addressed. The objective of this paper is to provide a clear and balanced view of the opportunities and challenges associated with new technologies in legal dispute resolution. With this, it is hoped to contribute to the development of effective and ethical strategies for their implementation in the field of law, thus promoting a more accessible justice. In this way, the work is divided into two parts: in the first part, the theoretical framework of online negotiation and dispute resolution (ODR) is reviewed, and in the second part, through the development of three prototypes, we will try to demonstrate a practical solution where we will use technology to serve people and their judicial consultations.
- Algoritmización de la concesión de medidas cautelares en el proceso penal para la protección de víctimas de violencia de género. ¿Es capaz VIOGEN de interpretar el periculum in mora?(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Borges Blázquez, RaquelThe irruption in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the legal sector is a reality nowadays. Spanish Police officers have been using the VIOGEN system for years in order to assess the risk of violence in criminal proceedings regarding protection of gender-based violence victims. This system calculates the aggressor's probability to reoffend the victim after a first offence has been reported. In practice we observe a high degree of automatism in accepting the system's assessment. This is the reason for the research question in this paper which is to determine if the VIOGEN system is capable of interpreting the periculum in mora in the process of granting precautionary measures which lies within the judge's responsibilities. Once this question has been answered we must ask ourselves the amount of responsibility attributed to the VIOGEN system and in which cases or under what specific parameters should it be used.
- Retos para una inteligencia artificial inclusiva de los colectivos vulnerables(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Blanco García, Ana IsabelTechnological Revolution of Artificial Intelligence is an undeniable reality. All systems, applications, tools... qualified as intelligent are meant to transform the current models of living and communication, and even the protection of human rights. However, despite the progress and advances in our society, there are many challenges as a transcendental change, especially when the aspiration is an inclusive and fair model of Justice.
- Tecnología y trata de personas: el uso de algoritmos predictivos para mejorar la detección de víctimas de trata(Instituto de derecho iberoamericano, 2024) Barraco, MaríaThere are various barriers preventing the correct identification of victims of human trafficking. This would imply, on one hand, a potential violation of the international obligations of the States, as well as a poor access for victims to an adequate access to justice, assistance, and protection. This article aims to answer the following question: can technology be used to overcome these barriers and improve the detection of victims? To this end, the use of a system similar to VioGén implemented in Spain for cases of gender violence is explored, through the use of a predictive algorithm that allows the automatization of the risk of a person being a victim of human trafficking. The article concludes by affirming that a system with these characteristics has a great potential to improve the identification of victims, as long as it takes into consideration the risks that using technology entail
