Early in the Holocene, human groups embarked on a dramatic reorganization ofits relationship with environment. Sorne human groups took control of the reproductive cycles of a limited number of plants and animals, the domesticates so-called. The complexity of this process initiated large-scale landscape transformations that directly and indirectly resulted from the mode human use resourccs. lt is clear that landuse not only can alter the vulncrability of landscapes to degradation from future landuse and, in tum, change the sustainability of subsequent landuse on those landscapes. For that, systematic study of their long-term consequences is crucial to bettcr understanding of our current environmental quality and its sustainability in the future. In spite of the growing rccognition of the importance oflong-term studies oflanduse-landscape interaction, it has only reccntly become feasible to integrate the rich and divcrse paleoecological and archaeological data sets, accumulated over thc course of decades of research, for effective modelling of the socioecological dynamics of the development of agropastoral systems. Recent developments in geospatial and agent modelling offer the meaos to do this at the regional geographic and temporal scales at which landscape evolution occurs. To compare two ecologically different regions, the Eurosi­ berian and the Mcditerranean, where landuse have been disparate through history allow me to mesure human impact and long-term sustainability.